Takeaways：

01 

什么是微调

    微调的概念，严格定义为使大语言模型更加适应特定的任务，微调的策略主要包含：

• task specific adaptation：调整通用模型适配特定任务，主要包含：数据收集，微调训练，评估与优化三阶段

• domain specific finetuning：调整通用模型适配特定领域，主要包含：收集领域数据，预训练+微调训练，评估迭代

• few shot learning：通过高质量的少样本进行上下文学习

• 知识蒸馏：通过更大的teacher指导小模型进线迁移学习优化

• 多任务学习

• Parameter-Efficient微调：如lora，使用更少的参数变化带来特定场景任务的优化。

• 动态微调：需要使用实时数据进行模型的优化，比如根据用户实时数据优化模型

开源大模型的SFT优化

重新温习开源鼻祖：llama2 and llama3 and  LIMA

LLaMa 2：

• "Quality is all You need：We stopped annotating SFT after collecting a total of 27,540 annotations"

• System Message训练：将system message这种全局功能放在模型每一句话前面

• Safety Context Distillation：在提示前加上安全提示来生成更安全的模型回复，例如：你是一个安全且负责任的助手；然后在没有提示的情况下对模型进行微调

• 微调细节：学习率 2e-5、weight decay=0.1、batch size=64、seq length=4096、epoch=2

  
  

LLaMa 3

• "combination of supervised fine-tuning (SFT), rejection sampling, proximal policy optimization (PPO), and direct policy optimization (DPO)"。使用经典的指令微调和偏好对齐的排列组合，说明这些方法的潜力在我们实践中还没被挖掘充分，方法已经够好去做项目的落地。

• 数据质量对sft和偏好对齐方法都有非常巨大的影响；数据迭代很多轮，以保证质量

• PPO和DPO对推理和代码任务有很大提升。发现：当模型很难搞定推理任务时，模型有时候能产生推理路径，也就是能产生正确大答案只是不知道怎么去选择，偏好学习能加强这种选择。

LIMA:

• 超级对齐假设："A model’s knowledge and capabilities are learnt almost entirely during pretraining, while alignment teaches it which subdistribution of formats should be used when interacting with users."
  

• Data Diversity, Quality, and Quantity 中 Diversity和Quality最重要

• 训练细节：1000条高质量样本，使用EOT作为多轮中每轮的结束符号，避免和预训练过的EOS Token有冲突。epochs=15；AdamW， beta1 = 0.9, beta2 = 0.95, and weight decay of 0.1，学习率从1e−5 线性衰减至1e−6，batch size=32, seq_length=2048.
  

后来者：主流开源大模型提到的SFT是怎么做的？baichuan mistral qwen deepseek yi 电信 以下只提炼出潜在的个人觉得对sft工作有帮助的点

baichuan2：

• 做safety有个细节的工作，分成了7个大类，每个类别1万条。"To ensure comprehensive coverage within each category, We ask human annotators to generate 1,400 data samples. This was further expanded through self-instruction and cleaned by humans for fluency, resulting in 70,000 total samples with 10,000 per category"

• 另外，baichuan2 reward也做了类似的事情，足以可见对场景应用层次的细化程度。 “We devised a three-tiered classification system for all prompts, consisting of 6 primary categories, 30 secondary categories, and over 200 tertiary categories.”

mistral 7b:

• 使用开源的数据和方法微调，没有发现透露出更多的细节

  
  

电信大模型：

• 人工标注：得到100,000 supervised fine-tuning samples

• trick1："noisy embeddings for enhanced model performance in scenarios NEFTUNE"

  
  

• NEFTune(Noisy Embedding Instruction Finetuning)：

• 主要做法：给embedding添加噪声，这种做法在传统NLP里面也有过类似的研究，没想到大模型也同样适用的很不错。直接看代码比较好理解。

  
  

  from torch.nn import functional as F
  def NEFTune(model, noise_alpha=5)    def noised_embed(orig_embed, noise_alpha):        def new_func(x):            # during training, we add noise to the embedding            # during generation, we don't add noise to the embedding            if model.training:                embed_init = orig_embed(x)                dims = torch.tensor(embed_init.size(1) * embed_init.size(2))                mag_norm = noise_alpha/torch.sqrt(dims)                return embed_init + torch.zeros_like(embed_init).uniform_(-mag_norm, mag_norm)            else:                return orig_embed(x)        return new_func    ##### NOTE: this is for a LLaMA model #####     ##### For a different model, you need to change the attribute path to the embedding #####    model.base_model.model.model.embed_tokens.forward = noised_embed(model.base_model.model.model.embed_tokens, noise_alpha)    return model

• 主要结论：

  NEFTune Can Improve Chat Models：提升了conversational ability and answer quality； NEFTune在知识Capabilities上也基本没有损失，所以可以认为是一个很好的对话能力提升trick。

   

• trick2："multi-stage long-context training to expand TeleChat’s context window":  多阶段逐步提升上下文窗口， 预训练4k，继续sft到 3000步学习率3e-4到8k、1000步4e-5到16k，batchsize都是8M;采用了tensor并行和pipeline并行；再使用NTK-aware外推方法提升到 96k

qwen：说的不多，放一些训练参数吧

• "AdamW optimizer, with the following hyperparameters: β1
  set to 0.9, β2 set to 0.95, and ϵ set to 10−8. The sequence length is limited to 2048, and the batch size is 128. The model undergoes a total of 4000 steps, with the learning rate gradually increased over the first 1430 steps, reaching a peak of 2 × 10−6."

• "To prevent overfitting, weight decay is applied with a value of 0.1, dropout is set to 0.1, and gradient clipping is enforced with a limit of 1.0."

deepseek：

• 数据："helpful data contains 1.2 million instances, with a distribution of 31.2% for general language tasks, 46.6% for mathematical problems, and 22.2% for coding exercises. The safety data consists of 300K instances, covering various sensitive topics"

• "We fine-tuned our 7B model with 4 epochs, but only 2 epochs for the 67B model， 1e-5 and 5e-6 for 7B and 67B "

• 当训练集中数学数据集上升时出现重复问题："the repetition ratio tends to rise as the quantity of math SFT data"。可能是数学数据集学习难度太高？

• DPO, with a learning rate of 5e-6 and batch size of 512 =》 能提升 open-ended generation skill

Yi：

• 重视质量，也强调了一句："Quality is All You Need：Our finetuning dataset consists of less than 10K multi-turn instruction response dialog pairs, with each and every one of the entry constructed and polished over multiple iterations and from user feedback"

• 提升分布选择：使用WizardLM中的Evol Instruct方法 =》 可以明显减少sft所需要的数据

• CoT data formatting：采用“Step-Back” pattern ，这里不太清楚是选型的原因是什么，是为了RAG的应用？

• 减少幻觉的方案：

• "examine and ensure that the knowledge in the responses is not contained within the model。" 确保回复中的知识不包含在模型中，可能是希望sft和pretrain不产生知识冲突。

• "eliminate responses that might lead to memorization"  减少会让模型记忆的回复。  

• 减少重复的方案："we rewrite the repetitive turns of the responses that usually exist but may be overlooked in the finetuning data。" 改写模型经常重复的轮次的回复

• 多样性和数据配比怎么保证

• "encompassing areas such as question answering, creative writing, dialogue, reasoning, mathematics, coding, safety, bilingual capabilities, and others.  " 尽可能增加各种任务类别

• "InsTag：By designing a diversity-focused sampling algorithm, we carefully balanced the distribution of instructions across various tags 。"  涉及多样性采样方法，在不同tag中进行混合

• "grid search to determine our data mixture：{1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64} proportions for each ability"  工作真细致！使用网格搜索调整混合比例

• 参数：AdamW optimizer with β1 set to 0.9, β2 set to 0.999, and ϵ set to 10−8 ；seq_length=4096, batch size=64, NEFTune 45 for Yi-34B-Chat and 5 for Yi-6B-Chat

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